Molecular nanoarchitectonics: unification of nanotechnology and molecular/materials science

• Katsuhiko Ariga

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2023, 14, 434–453, doi:10.3762/bjnano.14.35

• solid substrate could be a key technology for building nanoscale electronic circuits. Nakayama and co-workers have succeeded in controlling the self-assembly and intermolecular chemical reactions of functional molecular components predeposited on a solid surface [112]. Specifically, they fabricated

• molecule–polymer nanoconjugates consisting of C60 molecules and polydiacetylene nanowires at designated locations on a solid surface (Figure 2). First, diacetylene monomers were self-assembled on the solid substrate. Then, polydiacetylene nanowires were formed by chain polymerization between the monomer

Induced electric conductivity in organic polymers

• Konstantin Y. Arutyunov,
• Anatoli S. Gurski,
• Vladimir V. Artemov,
• Alexander L. Vasiliev,
• Azat R. Yusupov,
• Danfis D. Karamov and
• Alexei N. Lachinov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1551–1557, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.128

• value [15][16]. In our samples, the critical temperature of lead electrodes varied from 7.8 K < Tc(Pbfilm) < 8.2 K. Submicron PDP films were prepared by centrifuging the polymer from a solution in cyclohexanone on a solid substrate. When preparing the solution, the polymer was first soaked in a small

Straight roads into nowhere – obvious and not-so-obvious biological models for ferrophobic surfaces

• Wilfried Konrad,
• Christoph Neinhuis and
• Anita Roth-Nebelsick

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 1345–1360, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.111

• of the contact line) by returning back to its equilibrium position. (At the contact line, the gas/liquid interface touches the solid substrate.) Upon Taylor expansion of the Young–Laplace equation and the gas equation around a point of mechanical equilibrium, it can be shown that the quantity

Sputtering onto liquids: a critical review

• Anastasiya Sergievskaya,
• Adrien Chauvin and
• Stephanos Konstantinidis

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2022, 13, 10–53, doi:10.3762/bjnano.13.2

• sputter deposition processes [44]. In Thornton’s report, the probe used for the heat flux measurement, whose temperature increases when submitted to the sputtering plasma, was a stainless-steel body weighing 200 mg. Ultimately, in the case of a solid substrate, the heat transfer and resulting increase of

• metal atoms [69]. The kinetic energy of the film-forming species can thus be controlled by the positive pulse voltage to some extent. The kinetic energy of the film-forming species is critical when depositing thin films deposited on a solid substrate. Most likely, it also plays a critical role when a

• –substrate distance and the electrical power applied to the cathode controls the deposition flux. The precision achieved in controlling the thickness of films deposited on a solid substrate is typically in the nanometer range. The deposition rate is very stable over time. (iii) The product of pressure times

Growth of a self-assembled monolayer decoupled from the substrate: nucleation on-command using buffer layers

• Robby Reynaerts,
• Kunal S. Mali and
• Steven De Feyter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1291–1302, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.113

• controlled electrochemical polymerization of thiophene to produce polythiophene nanowires with tunable lengths [36][37]. In the context of their use for controlling surface architectures, insertion of the buffer layers between the assembling moiety and the solid substrate affects the assembly process via the

• following major avenues: (1) The buffer layers, in principle, offer a new substrate with a different, often lower, symmetry. (2) The buffer layer has a different lattice constant compared to the solid substrate. (3) The adsorption enthalpy of the assembling moiety on the buffer layer is often different

• (lower) on the buffer layer compared to that on the solid substrate. These factors may lead to different adsorption conformation for initial single molecule adsorption coupled with higher orientational freedom and significantly different (often reduced) lateral corrugation barriers for molecular

Materials nanoarchitectonics at two-dimensional liquid interfaces

• Katsuhiko Ariga,
• Michio Matsumoto,
• Taizo Mori and
• Lok Kumar Shrestha

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1559–1587, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.153

• vortex flow. Appropriate flow rates yielded two-dimensional films of the carbon nanoring molecule with uniform thickness of a few nanometres. The monolayer films were transferred from the water surface to a solid substrate by hand. Further heat treatment under inert gas atmosphere led to the formation of

Controlling surface morphology and sensitivity of granular and porous silver films for surface-enhanced Raman scattering, SERS

• Sherif Okeil and
• Jörg J. Schneider

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 2813–2831, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.263

• obtain porous silver nanostructures [12]. Other routes include the use of gold or silver nanoparticles of different shapes in solution and their assembly on a solid substrate [6][13][14][15][16][17], nanosphere lithography [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] as well as nanolithography and nanoimprinting [26

Optical orientation of nematic liquid crystal droplets via photoisomerization of an azodendrimer dopant

• Sergey A. Shvetsov,
• Alexander V. Emelyanenko,
• Natalia I. Boiko,
• Alexander S. Zolot'ko,
• Yan-Song Zhang,
• Jui-Hsiang Liu and
• Alexei R. Khokhlov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 870–879, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.81

• in the droplets resting on the solid substrate [30]. The NLC director distribution with boojum defect on the top of the droplet (Figure 1a) can be reversibly changed to almost homeotropic NLC alignment (Figure 1b). The interest in these geometries of NLC droplets is explained by their better

• photoinduced orientational transitions caused by the isomerization of dendrimer dopant under light illumination with different wavelengths. Both NLC droplets in the bulk of glycerol and in contact with the solid substrate are considered. To understand the nature of these transitions, the spatial configuration

• Figure 1a and Figure 3a). Interpretation of photoinduced orientational transitions Summarizing the obtained results for the orientational transitions in spherical NLC droplets and in the droplets in contact with the solid substrate, we can conclude that the change of the boundary conditions is associated

Engineering of oriented carbon nanotubes in composite materials

• Razieh Beigmoradi,
• Abdolreza Samimi and
• Davod Mohebbi-Kalhori

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 415–435, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.41

• polymer layer, manual alignment is preferred [41]. Based on the fundamental principles of this approach, another method for making thin films of CNTs has been developed using the same tools. Fluid containing CNTs is spread on a solid substrate using a spiral film applicator. The surface tension and

• The method is illustrated schematically in Figure 17. The main step in this method, known as the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique, is to immerse a solid substrate into a well-dispersed CNT solution and slowly and gently pull it out (≤1 cm/min). The result is the formation of a thin homogeneous layer

Periodic structures on liquid-phase smectic A, nematic and isotropic free surfaces

• Anna N. Bagdinova,
• Evgeny I. Demikhov,
• Nataliya G. Borisenko,
• Sergei M. Tolokonnikov,
• Gennadii V. Mishakov and
• Andrei V. Sharkov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 342–352, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.34

• LC–air interface and after that on the boundary of the LC–solid substrate (the transparency of the object made this possible). The difference between these microscope positions gives the thickness of the object. The next interesting and relatively new tool for surface study of LCs is the scanning

Nanoprofilometry study of focal conic domain structures in a liquid crystalline free surface

• Anna N. Bagdinova,
• Evgeny I. Demikhov,
• Nataliya G. Borisenko and
• Sergei M. Tolokonnikov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2544–2551, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.254

• classic material for observation of focal conic domains (FCDs). FCDs appear when two competing boundary conditions take place at a boundary. In our case, the liquid crystal has strong boundary conditions on the solid substrate and the director is oriented parallel to the substrate. On the free boundary

Electron beam induced deposition of silacyclohexane and dichlorosilacyclohexane: the role of dissociative ionization and dissociative electron attachment in the deposition process

• Ragesh Kumar T P,
• Sangeetha Hari,
• Krishna K Damodaran,
• Oddur Ingólfsson and
• Cornelis W. Hagen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2376–2388, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.237

• through effective impulsive energy transfer. Then, the decomposition of the precursor molecules would be confined within the diameter of the primary electron beam and a spatial resolution better than 1 nm would be achievable on a routine basis. However, when a high-energy electron beam impinges on a solid

• substrate, significant inelastic and elastic scattering will take place at the surface and within the substrate along the penetration depth of the beam [3][4]. Furthermore, a significant number of secondary electrons are produced through inelastic ionizing scattering of the primary beam and its scattered

Nanoantenna-assisted plasmonic enhancement of IR absorption of vibrational modes of organic molecules

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Olga Cherkasova,
• Sergei A. Kuznetsov,
• Ilya A. Milekhin,
• Ekatherina E. Rodyakina,
• Alexander V. Latyshev,
• Sreetama Banerjee,
• Georgeta Salvan and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 975–981, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.99

• energy of the most pronounced vibrational modes in cortisol. The deposition of cortisol on a solid substrate implies, as a general rule, the use of the drop-casting method, which results in inhomogeneous coverage. The dielectric function of the media surrounding the nanoantennas is changed after

Phospholipid arrays on porous polymer coatings generated by micro-contact spotting

• Sylwia Sekula-Neuner,
• Monica de Freitas,
• Lea-Marie Tröster,
• Tobias Jochum,
• Pavel A. Levkin,
• Michael Hirtz and
• Harald Fuchs

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 715–722, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.75

• Cap PE) and anti-DNP IgE recognition of 2,4-dinitrophenyl[1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[6-[(2,4-dinitrophenyl)amino]hexanoyl] (DNP)] antigen. This approach adds lipid arrays to the range of HEMA polymer applications and makes this solid substrate a very attractive platform for a

• portfolio of HEMA polymer applications emphasizes the use of this solid substrate as a very attractive platform for a variety of biomedical applications. The combination of microfluidic settings and phospholipid arrays on solid supports like HEMA polymer may also prove fruitful for a multitude of sensing

An ellipsometric approach towards the description of inhomogeneous polymer-based Langmuir layers

• Falko O. Rottke,
• Burkhard Schulz,
• Klaus Richau,
• Karl Kratz and
• Andreas Lendlein

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1156–1165, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.107

• inhomogeneities. The prerequisites, required adjustments and limitations are presented with suitable examples. As a proper compound for ellipsometric mapping studies, a system was required with low or no lateral movement at the air–water interface, being close to a solid substrate and hence, simplifying first

Assembling semiconducting molecules by covalent attachment to a lamellar crystalline polymer substrate

• Rainhard Machatschek,
• Patrick Ortmann,
• Renate Reiter,
• Stefan Mecking and
• Günter Reiter

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 784–798, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.70

• process [7][11], we refrained from adding surfactants as we wanted to avoid to have surfactant molecules included in the monolayers transferred onto a solid substrate. Accordingly, we spread CPE45 nanocrystals from a 1:1 methanol–water dispersion onto a water surface at pH 11. After Langmuir–Schäfer

Comparison of the interactions of daunorubicin in a free form and attached to single-walled carbon nanotubes with model lipid membranes

• Dorota Matyszewska

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 524–532, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.46

• chloroform and next the mixed sample is placed at the air–water interface. Therefore, the initial concentrations of the drugs cannot be easily compared. Our solution was to transfer the layer onto a solid substrate (electrode) and evaluate the amount of the drug present in the model membrane supported on the

Organized films

• Maurizio Canepa and
• Helmuth Möhwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 406–408, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.35

• molecular monolayer (Langmuir monolayer) from a water surface onto a solid substrate, represent both archetypal and prototypical “organized films” (OFs). Known since about 80 years, LB films can be considered from many points of view as one of the prominent predecessors of what we call nanoscience today [1

Hydration of magnesia cubes: a helium ion microscopy study

• Ruth Schwaiger,
• Johannes Schneider,
• Gilles R. Bourret and
• Oliver Diwald

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 302–309, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.28

• these oxides are in physical contact with a solid substrate such as the ones used for immobilization to perform electron or ion microscopy imaging. We used helium ion microscopy (HIM) and investigated morphological changes of vapor-phase-grown MgO cubes after vacuum annealing and pressing into foils of

Controlled graphene oxide assembly on silver nanocube monolayers for SERS detection: dependence on nanocube packing procedure

• Martina Banchelli,
• Bruno Tiribilli,
• Roberto Pini,
• Luigi Dei,
• Paolo Matteini and
• Gabriella Caminati

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 9–21, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.2

• liquid–air interface followed by controlled transfer onto the surface of a solid substrate [24]. The LB procedure was already employed in a related paper [22] for the deposition of AgNCs onto solid substrates, here we extended the preparation protocol investigating in detail the influence of hysteresis

• solid substrate is evidenced by the stable value of surface pressure along the transfer process. Langmuir–Blodgett layers were transferred onto glass and silicon supports at different target surface pressures spanning from 0.5 mN/m to 20 mN/m (see Figure 1a), the transfer ratio (Supporting Information

Sonochemical co-deposition of antibacterial nanoparticles and dyes on textiles

• Ilana Perelshtein,
• Anat Lipovsky,
• Nina Perkas,
• Tzanko Tzanov and
• Aharon Gedanken

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1–8, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.1

• . Functional nanoparticles (NPs) were deposited on polymers [2], glass [3], metals [4], textile [5][6] and even paper [7], imparting to the solid substrate the properties of the immobilized particles. These include magnetic, catalytic, fluorescing, antibacterial, and antibiofilm properties. The sonochemical

Chemiresistive/SERS dual sensor based on densely packed gold nanoparticles

• Sanda Boca,
• Cosmin Leordean,
• Simion Astilean and
• Cosmin Farcau

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2498–2503, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.259

• same fabrication tools (colloidal self-assembly) could in principle yield novel nano-enabled devices with both optical and electrical functionalities. A graphical summary describing the envisaged DEOS concept is given in Figure 1. An array of noble metal colloids assembled between electrodes on a solid

• substrate can lead to electrical charge flow through the nanoparticle assembly by applying a voltage on the electrodes. This system can work as a resistive sensor based on the dependence of tunneling currents on the inter-NP tunnel barrier, which can be affected by the molecular species adsorbed on the NPs

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering by colloidal CdSe nanocrystal submonolayers fabricated by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique

• Alexander G. Milekhin,
• Larisa L. Sveshnikova,
• Tatyana A. Duda,
• Ekaterina E. Rodyakina,
• Volodymyr M. Dzhagan,
• Ovidiu D. Gordan,
• Sergey L. Veber,
• Cameliu Himcinschi,
• Alexander V. Latyshev and
• Dietrich R. T. Zahn

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 2388–2395, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.245

• by means of the LB technique, which is traditionally used for the fabrication of both highly ordered organic films [44] and NCs with controlled areal density [18] on a solid substrate [24][29]. The periodic Au nanocluster arrays were fabricated by direct electron beam writing (Raith-150, Germany) on

The role of low-energy electrons in focused electron beam induced deposition: four case studies of representative precursors

• Rachel M. Thorman,
• Ragesh Kumar T. P.,
• D. Howard Fairbrother and
• Oddur Ingólfsson

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1904–1926, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.194

Formation of substrate-based gold nanocage chains through dealloying with nitric acid

• Ziren Yan,
• Ying Wu and
• Junwei Di

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1362–1368, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.140

• discussed. Keywords: dealloying; gold nanocage chains; nitric acid; solid substrate; Introduction Gold nanocages (Au NC) are a novel kind of nanostructure that possesses hollow interiors and porous shells [1][2][3]. Hollow metal nanostructures show unique physical and chemical characteristics with respect

• the Ag dissolves to generate a hollow structure. This leads to the formation of Au NCs with hollow interiors and porous surfaces. In some applications such as catalysis, sensors, and SERS, it is favorable for metal nanomaterials to be supported by a solid substrate. Although the fabrication of Au NCs

• from Ag templates dispersed in solution using galvanic replacement reactions has been carried out extensively, there are few reports for the preparation of Au NCs supported on a solid substrate through the galvanic replacement method [16][17]. Furthermore, in many cases, some residual Ag remains in the